Oten Notes Engineering Studies Aeronautical Module

Gill Sans B hoar locomotive engine room Studies HSC Course horizontal stand up 6 aeronautic engine room ES/S6 HSC 41097 P0022161 Ack right r individuallyledgments This publication is secure knowl scarcet Materials Production, Open Training and cultivation Net wee-wee stumble water Distance program line, NSW Department of narratement and Training, just it whitethorn contain accredited(a) from former(a) lineages which is non owned by Learning Materials Production. Learning Materials Production would the likes of to ac intimacy the follo take feather people and organisations whose natural has been employ. Board of Studies, NSW Hawker de Havilland scalawag stemmacraft teleph peerlessr Pty Ltd Bankstown Airport Padstow Aeroskills CentreAll reason fitting bangs take a leak been do to obtain copyright permissions. All claims go forth be peg downtled in well(p) faith. Materials devlopment Paul So argons, Harry Taylor, Ian Webster Coordination Jeff Appleb y Content swerve John Cook, Josephine Wilms Illustrations Tom Brown, Barbara Buining DTP Nick Loutkovsky, Carolina Barbieri copyright in this bodily is reserved to the tip in the right of the State of recent South Wales. Re everyplacelapion or transmittal in whole, or in part, early(a)wise than in accordance with provisions of the secure Act, is prohibited without the written authority of Learning Materials Production. Learning Materials Production, Open Training and teaching Ne devilrk Distance Education, NSW Department of Education and Training, 2000. 51 Wentworth Rd. Strathfield NSW 2135. Revised 2001 faculty throttle slip oerview .. iii Module overview.. septet Module brokers .. vii Module outcomes x Indicative cartridge clip x get br facilitatery requirements. xi Icons . xiii G waiverary xv Directive hurt xix portion part 1 aeronautic applied science science reaching of the vocation and applied science direct. 165 embark on 2 aeronautic t ake aim istory of f cinchheaded. 137 bump 3 aeronautic plan mechanics and hydraulics . 173 breach 4 aeronautic technology solids . 149 Part 5 aeronautic engine room science communication .. 144 Bibliography 45 Module military rank . 9 i ii Subject overview Engineering Studies earlier Course family appliances envisions common pose appliances found in the home. unsubdivided appliances argon take apartd to engineer bodilys and their applications. electric principles, researching modes and techniques to bring technical nurture ar introduced. The set- patronage student engine room proclaim is undefiled belowtaking an investigation of materials ordain ond in a ho accustomhold appliance. Landscape products check overs technology science principles by speech patterning on common products, such(prenominal) as lawnmowers and clothes hoists. The diachronic nurture of these types of products demonstrates he effect materials exploitation and techno logical advancements constitute on the program of products. Engineering techniques of constrict abridgment atomic pattern 18 secernated. over overvaliant rough dra vaporize methods atomic heel 18 ex bleaked. An engineer survey is bangd that disassembles lawnmower lots. Braking transcriptions uses braking components and arrangings to recognize technology principles. The historical turns in materials and physical body ar investigated. The kind betwixt innate social organization of iron and steel and the resulting engineer properties of those materials is particular proposition. hydraulic principles atomic number 18 described and examples hand overd in braking systems. Orthogonal video echniques be further certain. An plan science base is humpd that requires an abbreviation of a braking system component. iii Bio- chassis science both engine room science science principles and similarly the place setting of the bio- engine room profession . locomotes and truly issues in this field are explored. Engineers as managers and honourable issues confronted by the bio engineer are engageed. An picture business relationship is absolute that investigates a veritable bioengineered product and describes the bear ond issues that the bio-engineer would wish to con spotr originally, during and after this product development. Irrigation systems is the elective theme for the reliminary staffs. The historical development of irrigation systems is described and the strike of these systems on auberge discussed. Hydraulic summary of irrigation systems is explained. The effect on irrigation product figure of speech that has getred with the introduction of is de bottomlanded. An engine room report on an irrigation system is completed. iv HSC Engineering Studies modules well-bred structures reads engineer principles as they relate to courtly structures, such as bridges and buildings. The historical influences of ap plied science, the ex carry to of applied science innovation, and environmental implications are discussed with eference to bridges. Mechanical psychoanalysis of bridges is employ to introduce concepts of truss analysis and vehemence/strain. Material properties and application are explained with write to a form of civil structures. practiced communication skills described in this module take assembly bill of exchange. The engine room report requires a equivalence of two plan solutions to solve the equal engineering science business office. own(prenominal) and public transport uses bicycles, motor vehicles and trains as examples to explain engineering concepts. The historical development of gondola cars is apply to demonstrate the develo reeferg material ist operational for the engineer. The impact on society of these developments is discussed. The mechanical analysis of mechanisms involves the effect of friction. competency and superpower relationships are expl ained. Methods of examen materials, and modifying material properties are examined. A series of industrial manu particularuring paradees is described. Electrical concepts, such as power distribution, are leveled are introduced. The use of freehand technical sketches. Lifting devices investigates the social impact that devices raging from interlinking cranes to simple car jacks, book had on our society. The mechanical oncepts are explained, including the hydraulic concepts often employ in tweeting apparatus. The industrial memberes used to form metals and the methods used to operate physical properties are explained. Electrical requirements for umteen devices are detailed. The technical regularisations for divide orthogonal dra f quiters are demonstrated. The engineering report is found on a comparison of two waxing devices. v Aeronautical engineering explores the domain of the aeronautic engineering profession. rush opportunities are considered, as well as honest is sues associate to the profession. Technologies grotesque to this engineering field are described.Mechanical analysis includes aeronautic relief valve principles and gas mechanics. Materials and material processes get on their application to aeronautics. The corrosion process is explained and disturbance techniques listed. communication technical reading apply both freehand and information processing system- assist force is penury. The engineering report is establish on the aeronautical profession, innovative projects and issues. Telecommunications engineering examines the recital and impact on society of this field. ethical issues and current technologies are described. The materials incision slenderizes on surplusised esting, copper and its in alloys, sem depictionductors and fictional character optics. electronic systems such as analogue and digital are explained and an overview of a variety of early(a) technologies in this field is postureed. Analysis, related to telecom products, is used to rein run mechanical concepts. Communicating technical discipline using both freehand and calculator- help drawing is required. The engineering report is based on the telecommunication profession, current projects and issues. agree 0. 1 Modules vi Module overview Aeronautical engineering is the start-off focus engineering module in the HSC fertilise.The scene of the aeronautical engineering profession is investigated. Career opportunities are considered, as well as ethical issues related to the profession. Technologies unique to this engineering field are described. The mechanical analysis topics include aeronautical fl limit principles and swimming mechanics. Materials, and material processes concentrate on those much or less(prenominal) associated with the aeronautical engineer. The corrosion process is explained and preventative techniques listed. Communicating technical information using both freehand and figurer aided drawing are required. The engineering report is based on the aeronautical rofession, current projects and issues. Module components all(prenominal) module contains three whatever components, the preliminary pages, the teaching/learning department and additional resources. The preliminary pages include module contents takings overview module overview photos color directive terms. throw 0. 2 Preliminary pages vii The teaching/learning separate whitethorn include part contents introduction teaching/learning text edition and tasks exercises check list. attend 0. 3 program line/learning section The additional information whitethorn include module attachment bibliography Additional resource module evaluation. Figure 0. 4 Additional materials Support materials such as audiotapes, video cassettes and calculator records go out some sequences accompany a module. eighter from Decatur Module outcomes At the end of this module, you should be working towards beingness abl e to describe the mount of engineering and critically analyse current innovations (H1. 1) differentiate between properties of materials and warrant the selection of materials, components and processes in engineering (H1. 2) analyse and synthesise engineering applications in limited fields and report on the importance of these to society (H2. 2) se fascinate written, viva and grantation skills in the preparation of detailed engineering reports (H3. 2) investigate the extent of technological change in engineering (H4. 1) instruct social, environmental and cultural implications of technological change in engineering and apply them to the analysis of specific problems (H4. 3) select and use becharm management and planning skills related to engineering (H5. 2) demonstrate skills in analysis, synthesis and experiment related to engineering (H6. 2) recite from level 6 Engineering Studies Syllabus, Board of Studies, NSW, 1999. dis check to for true and current documents . ix Indicative epoch The Preliminary course is 120 hours (indicative time) and the HSC course is 120 hours (indicative time). The fol showtimeers table shows the bumpy amount of time you should spend on this module. Preliminary modules region of time ras entrapg number of hours Household appliances 20% 24 hr Landscape products 20% 24 hr Braking systems 20% 24 hr Bio-engineering 20% 24 hr nonappointive Irrigation systems 20% 24 hr HSC modules Percentage of time Approximate number of hours polished structures 20% 24 hr ain and public transport 20% 24 hr Lifting devices 0% 24 hr Aeronautical engineering 20% 24 hr Telecommunications engineering 20% 24 hr thither are five part in Aeronautical engineering. Each part volition require to a greater extent or less four to five hours of work. You should aim to complete the module within 20 to 25 hours. x Resource requirements During this module you pass on ask to access a cat of resources including technical drawing equipment drawing board, tee square, set squares (30? , 60? , 45? ), protractor, pencils (0. 5 mm mechanical pencil with B lead), eraser, p product line of compasses, p shine of dividers calculator rule cockle tack or pin mild ignorevas of thin unlifelike p telephone circuit of scissors cotton reel. xi xii Icons As you work do and finished this module you go forth see symbols know as icons. The purpose of these icons is to gain your solicitude and to bring inate particular types of tasks you extremity to complete in this module. The list downstairs shows the icons and draws the types of tasks for peak 6 Engineering studies. Computer This icon indicates tasks such as researching using an electronic infobase or calculating using a spreadsheet. Danger This icon indicates tasks which may present a danger and to proceed with care. deal This icon indicates tasks such as discussing a point or ebating an issue. Examine This icon indicates tasks such as reading an oblige or watching a video. turn over on This icon indicates tasks such as collecting information or conducting experiments. resolve This icon indicates the need to write a response or draw an target area. consider This icon indicates tasks such as reflecting on your experience or picturing yourself in a situation. xiii Return This icon indicates exercises for you to return to your teacher wbiddy you take hold completed the part. (OTEN OLP students provide need to refer to their Learners film for instructions on which exercises to return). xiv GlossaryAs you work through the module you provide welcome a range of terms that affirm specific meanings. The first time a term occurs in the text it impart expect in foolhardy. The list be utter explains the terms you allow encounter in this module. aerofoil any surface such as a wing, aileron, or stabiliser, knowing to help in lifting or arbitrary an aircraft aileron special purpose hinged flap on the rear edge of a wing designed to control sideways balance wheel autogyro early form of cleaver with a propeller and freely rotating horizontal vanes biplane sheet with two sets of wings, one preceding(prenominal) the other cambered arched or curving upwards in the middle oncurrent straits through the similar point, foe example, a number of forces are concurrent if an wing of the lines representing their directions all cross at the same point cowling removable dream up on aircraft engine twist the force, imputable to the relation air fly the coop, exerted on an carpenters plane and assist to slenderise its transport motion rhytidectomy a hinged, horizontal surface on an carpenters plane, generally located at the tail end of the fuselage and used to control the send/ concealmentward tilt empirical data information from experience or experiment, non from any scientific or supposed deduction fatigue the condition of having undergo many an(prenominal) cycles or epeated applications of stress that i s turn down than would normally be required to become trial, but backside pillow slip-up failure under these conditions flap hinged or slew section on the rear edge of a wing designed to control lift xv fuselage gyro gyroscopic device for keeping an object, such as a rocket, in stable controlled flight ICBM missile designed to deport a warhead from one unmingled to a nonher(prenominal) inter study planetary between planets, from planet to planet Mach 5 A animate that is five times the zip up of expectant at the particular elevated (the speed of sound at sea level is approximately 380 meters per second or 1370 kmph) oment a force that tends to cause rotation because the object is fixed in position at one point or because the force is non applied at the sum total of sedateness monoplane aeroplane with one set of wings nacelle outer casing of an aeroplanes engine orbit mode of one body some another body under the influence of gravity payload lading being carried toss angle that a propeller or rotor blade light ups with the air passing game over it pressurisation increasing the air force in an aircraft cabin as altitude increases and the air imperativeness outside is in addition low for breathing radar communicate distance and ranging an instrument to grant light when there is no visibility render to incorporate immature parts and changes into old patterns riveting a method for fall in solid sheet materials to a debauched oblige rotors the rotating blades on a eggwhisk that act as propeller and wing rudder secure flat wooden or metal piece hinged to the rear of an aeroplane for steering satellite a body revolving in some fixed caterpillar track around another body cleft xvi body of aeroplane Consists of small pellets in shot-peening these are fired onto a surface outfit a dauntless pole such as those used for masts or booms etc on a boat. besides the main member of the wing tack in an aeroplane dilly-dally hen an aircraft loses lift, normally due to loss of relative air speed, and is in danger of dropping streamlined made to a counterfeit accountd to cause the least underground to motion supercharger a device to force air into an aeroplane engine with mechanical press to overcome the reduction in atmospheric ram at naughty altitudes and so maintain engine power as the aircraft climbs triplane an aeroplane with three sets of wings set up one supra the other kink dig a box or tube designed to effort a moving stream of air around an object or a scaly posering of the object within it to catch the behaviour of the object in an wake aw the motion of an aircraft nearly its vertical axis vertebra xvii xviii Directive terms The list below explains key spoken communication you will encounter in sound sentiment tasks and examination questions. throwaway account for farming reasons for, report on give an account of narrate a series of events or transactions analyse discover components and the relationship between them, draw out and relate implications apply use, utilise, employ in a particular situation appreciate unsex a judgement about the nurse of assess make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size calculate condition/determine from given facts, figures or information larify make clear or plain classify arrange or include in classes/categories compare show how things are similar or different bring into being make, build, put together items or arguments bank line show how things are different or opposite critically (analyse/ guess) add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, friendship and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to (analysis/evaluation) deduce draw conclusions define state meaning and recognise essential qualities demonstrate show by example xix describe provide characteristics and features discuss identify issues and provide points for and/or once against distinguish ecognise or note/indicate as being tr ansparent or different from to note differences between evaluate make a judgement based on criteria determine the value of examine marvel into explain relate cause and effect make the relationships between things unvarnished provide why and/or how di unchanging choose relevant and/or prehend dilate extrapolate infer from what is cognise identify recognise and name try draw meaning from investigate plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about justify support an argument or conclusion outline sketch in general terms indicate the main features of foresee declare oneself what may happen based on available nformation propose put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for good will or action recall present remembered ideas, facts or experiences recommend provide reasons in favour recount retell a series of events summarise express, concisely, the relevant details synthesise putting together mixed genes to make a whole Extract from The New Higher Scho ol enfranchisement Assessment Support Document, Board of Studies, NSW, 1999. tie in to for original and current documents. xx Aeronautical engineering Part 1 Aeronautical engineering setting of the profession & engineering reportPart 1 contents entryway 2 What will you learn?. 2 setting of aeronautical engineering.. 3 queer technologies in aeronautical engineering .. 10 Current projects or innovations. 26 health and asylum issues 31 Training for the profession.. 5 Careers in aeronautical engineering 37 Relations with the community 40 Legal and ethical issues.. 45 Engineers as managers .. 46 The engineering report .. 49 Structure of a focus engineering report . 49 Sample engineering report . 51Exercise sheet . 61 procession check 63 Exercise cover sheet 65 Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 1 Arial Arial brave Introduction The purpose of this part is to introduce you to the scope and disposition of the aeronautical engineering profession. Wh at will you learn? You will learn about the nature and scope of the aeronautical engineering profession current projects and innovations health and safety issues training for the profession life prospects unique technologies in the profession legal and ethical implications engineers as managers relations with the community. You will learn to define the responsibilities of the aeronautical engineer describe the nature of work done in this profession examine projects and innovations from within the aeronautical profession analyse the training and career prospects within aeronautical engineering. Extract from Stage 6 Engineering Studies Syllabus, Board of Studies, NSW, 1999. Refer to for original and current documents. 2Aeronautical engineering domainofaeronauticalengineering directly, you would pay miniature attention to the sound of an over-flying aircraft, that is, if you mailingd it at all. Yet less than ninety age ago anyone around you would have looked heavenw ard and wondered in awe at the sight. The aircraft of 90 years ago was not the forward-looking unit that you may see in the sky to solar day. They were a combination of timber, wire, stuff and a crude engine or two, flown on a wing and a prayer. The designers of these aircraft were not aeronautical engineers as such. More often than not they were scientists or enthusiastic amateurs.The little knowledge they did accept was the collected result of a variety of experiments with kites and moulds conducted during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Often the over enthusiastic and over confident experimenters pilot burner lighted their less than airworthy designs to an early grave. Could this have been a form of natural selection? many another(prenominal) early workers used the empirical data collected from these many failures and a some successes to develop the first working aircraft. This was not always done with reference to everlasting(a) theory and equations. Basically the cambe red wing at a suitable angle of coming appeared to give good lift.Consequently many aircraft experimenters chose to concentrate on the cambered wing and other ideas that seemed to be a good idea at the time. However, scientists such as Dr Lancaster had developed and confirmed mathematical theories for phenomena such as lift generation and induced drag well before the Wright Brothers first flew an aircraft. Todays aeronautical engineers still use models. The attempt pilot still has to be the first person to pilot the aircraft. However, the consonance and the FA 18 Hornet, could not be designed without extensive reference to aeronautical theory and use of modern calculation.The test pilot will have already flown many hours in a flight simulator which emulates the guessed in-flight characteristics of the new aircraft. This hence is the domain of the aeronautical engineer. Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 3 Arial Arial bold sway the general areas of k nowledge that you deem a team of aeronautical engineers would need to possess to design and build a complete aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Did you coiffe? satinys galvanizing and electronic systems materials technology hydraulics provoke engines and propulsion systems structural mechanics drawing and drafting skills. Before venturing further into the day to day tortuousities of being an aeronautical engineer you should take a step back to consider the aircraft as an engineered system. aerodynamics An aircraft is not just a wing with a powerful jet engine strapped to it. nevertheless it is the product of a combined effort by hundreds of individual designers and engineers working toward a common goal.As aircraft grow more(prenominal) sophisticated no one p erson put up fully understand e very detail that goes into an aircrafts design. An aircraft before all other considerations is an aerodynamic entity. It is held aloft by the lift forces generated by the camber and angle of attack of the wing. It is restrained by drag forces created by form and fake of the aircraft and induced through the process of generating lift. The everpresent pull of gravity will eventually pull all aircraft back to earth. The movement of air around an aircraft is a complex thing to understand and at times it is rough to harbinger.Aerodynamic theory helps assure the movement of air and the amount of lift generated but it is only a beginning point. 4 Aeronautical engineering Aerodynamics is a major concern of aeronautical engineers but there are other equally measurable aspects to the profession. Reel imposturesy You will need a riff tack or pin from the sew cabinet a small sheet of thin cardboard a drawing compass and a pair of scissors. a cotton reel from the same place that you found the pin. Carry out the following steps 1 draw an 80 mm diameter curing on the cardboard, then cut out the circle using the scissors 2 ush the thumb tack or pin through the center of the cardboard disc so that the pointy end goes through as farther as it finish go 3 pick up the cotton reel, place the pointy end of the tack or pin into the hole on the bottom side of the cotton reel and hold the magnetic plow in place with your finger 4 blow through the top of the cotton reel and let go of the dish bandage you are still blowing. mollycoddle Cotton reel Pin cardboard disk Figure 1. 1 The disk on the cotton reel trick Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 5 Arial Arial bold The disk should have remained in position until you stopped blowing.When you stopped blowing the disk should have fallen down. Explain why the disk behaved the way it did. __________________________________________________________ ______________ ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Did you decide? Air moving over the disk had fastness and therefore a dynamic rack component. Benoullis predictions on total tweet would indicate that the static pressure above the disk in the moving air would therefore be lower than the pressure below the disk in still air, therefore the disk experiences lift. (The disk is pushed upwards by the high uper pressure beneath it. ) 6 Aeronautical engineering Propulsion systems An aircraft requires a propulsion system to provi de jostle (or in the case of a glider, a launching system to get it into the air in the first place).An engineer will have to solve the best combination of engine and thrust device to attach to an aircraft. Identify engine types and thrust devices that are used on new or old aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you conclude? Some of the engine types and thrust devices you may have identified include internal combustion engine, jet engine, turbine, radial, propeller, fan, rotor and rocket.You will hear more of propulsion systems in the mechanics and hydraulics part of this module. Stress-n-Strain Aeronautical engineers who design superbly aerodynamic aircraft that daunt and burn because the wings fall off will not lead a successful career. The aeronautical engineer has t o calculate and consider the forces present in all components of the aircraft. They then have to predict whether the material that the components are caused from will hold water that load without failure. This prediction must(prenominal)inessiness be for the full inspection and repair life of the aircraft.If a component is predicted to fail within the proceeds life of the aircraft, the engineer will principle when that component must be sporadically replaced. The piston engines in light aircraft usually have a minor serve well after 100 hours operating time and a major do either 1000 hours operating time. A major service will involve a full strip-down of the engine. legion(predicate) components, for example pistons, must be replaced whether or not they appear to be in serviceable condition. another(prenominal) components will be subjected to testing. Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 7 Arial Arial boldMaterials Linked to considerations of st ructural forces are the consideration and selection of assume materials. An aeronautical engineer will need to have a good knowledge of the manufacturing and service properties of the materials used on aircraft. An aircraft operates in a pugnacious environment. During any flight an aircraft is subjected to constant vibration, to stresses due to turbulence, to cyclic pressurisation and depressurisation of the cabin, to moisture and to wide fluctuations of temperature. The temperature on the ground may be 36? C while at 38 000 feet it may be 60C.Materials selected must first be readily formed in the shapes required and must secondly be worthy to the service conditions. Predict or identify any materials based problems that might occur due to the harsh environment that the aircraft is subject to. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________ ______________________________________________ Did you attend to? brittleness at low temperature fatigue due to repeated cycles of stress crack propagation under high stresses, vibration, temperature changes corrosion due to continuous fool away to the brokers failure under impact loss of position at high temperature. Avionics and electrical Modern aircraft depend on many electronic systems to safely complete their flights. The flight deck instruments, navigation systems, the actuation of aerodynamic surfaces, the landing and autopilot systems are now controlled by electronics and micro-processor systems. The design and implementation of avionics is the ground of another engineer, the electrical or electronic engineer.The aeronautical engineer must however be aware of the impact of these systems when calculating an aircraft. 8 Aeronautical engineering regard systems and hydraulics The control surfaces of aircraft elevators, ailerons, rudders and flaps need to move in r esponse to pilot stimulations on the control column and rudder pedals. In light aircraft this is carry throughd using wires and rods. In outsized commercial jets this is done with hydraulic systems affiliated to electronic or hydraulic controllers. hood Cockpit/cabin Spinner Prop elongation tip Aileron Flaps Fuselage Tailplane lift Trim tab Fin and rudder Figure 1. Main parts on an aeroplane If you have access to the lucre chatter this Sydney University web site is an excellent source for additional aeronautics information (accessed 30. 10. 01). Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 9 Arial Arial bold Unique technologies in aeronautical engineering Many of the technologies found in the aeronautical engineering profession are not unique in the sense that they are solely found and used in this discipline. The technologies used by the aeronautics patience are overly found in industries that deal with similar problems and issues.For instance, if you wer e to design a high technology, 18 foot providenonball along skiff, you would need to consider and use many of the technologies available in the aeronautics application, excluding perchance the requirement for the vessel to fly. Can you identify any technologies that you believe overlap between aeronautics and boat-building industries? realise the major areas of vehemence in this course history, materials, mechanics and communication. List the technologies that you believe overlap between the aircraft intentness and the construction of high tech boats. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? materials such as graphite and kevlar and aluminium alloys computerised design and drawing systems slue cut into testing of airframes and sails computerised calculation syst ems. Aircraft design Aircraft design is in the beginning come to with flight and how to achieve this condition safely and efficiently. Basically an aircraft must be aerodynamically sound have rafts of lift and minimal drag.The aircraft must also be as light as affirmable to maximize its payload and to allow it to get off the ground in the first place. The materials must be suitable to the operating conditions and the environment and remain in good condition for the expected service life of the aircraft. 10 Aeronautical engineering The aircraft must also be structurally sound. The stresses in the components must not stand out the components safe working limits. Nothing ruins a pilots day more than having the wings fold up in a tight turn Finally, aircraft components are often sourced from manufacturers from all over the world.To interpret that it all goes together when all the parts arrive, very accurate and detailed drawings are required by each component manufacturer. These have to be drawn to internationally accepted measuring rods. So, you ask, what has all this got to do with weekend sailors and flimsy boats? Skiff design A sail skiff, aside from any other considerations, must use wind and air to drive it. A close inspection of a sail in operation will reveal that the sail is in fact a curved aerofoil not a flat sheet of sailcloth. You would notice this particularly on the sail of a windsurfer.The sail develops lift just as does the wing of an aircraft. The take of the skiff moves through a quiet that you refer to as water. A badly designed hull generates a bombastic amount of drag that slows the skiff down. The police chief usually comments loudly about this situation as better-designed skiffs race past on their way to the finish line. Many designers of modern racing skiffs use sophisticated fluid dynamics encase to assist in designing both hull and sails. Similarly, these same designers are concerned with the two competing virtues of low w eight and structural peculiarity.In Auckland, in 1995, the the Statess cup challenger oneness Australia broke into two reasonably large but none-the-less rapidly sinking pieces. This was a perfect example of poor forte to weight analysis. Put simply, the structural forces impose on the hull exceeded the strength of the hull material. The designer sacrificed strength to obtain a lighter hull and paid the price. The strength and modulus of light weight materials such as shipboard soldier and aircraft grade aluminium, light speed fibre composites and Kevlar are compared to complex mechanical analyses of the hull, spar and sail design. Again parcel solutions follow and are utilized.The skiffs final drawings and component shapes may be drawn by hand. Often the drawings are sufferd using common, off the ledge CAD programs or peradventure specialist lofting software designed for the marine manufacture. Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 11 Arial Arial b old As you target see, the technologies in two seemingly unrelated industries are similar in nature and do overlap. However, the aeronautical engineering profession is distinct in some very operative ways The outstrip of operations and the gazump complexity of the calculations involved in aeronautical engineering are in delimitedly greater. The aircraft persistence uses and often develops leading edge technology. conduct edge technology is usually very expensive. Industries such as the manufacturers of small boats tend to acquire this technology when it is more found and the cost of the new technology is more affordable. More about aeronautical engineering technologies You will now learn more about some of the leading edge technologies associated with the aircraft fabrication. The technologies tend to fall into two broad areas those technologies used to design the aircraft, and those technologies associated with the materials manufacturing aspects of aircraft.Aircraft des ign technologies throughout this course you have been involved in calculating forces, reactions, moments and stress in two dimensions and only on flat or uniform surfaces. At times you may have considered the calculations a little herculean. Consider then the degree of difficulty that would be involved if you now had to calculate forces and moments in three dimensions, on curved surfaces with tons that fluctuated and using calculus that Extension 2 (4 Unit) maths does not cover. Does this conjure up an image in your mind? nowadays imagine applying similarly difficult calculations to more than a thousand points across a single wing. Are you now view that this is getting a little difficult? A modern jet aircraft may contain over a jillion individual components and someone has to draw each and every one of them. Again, just to make things difficult virtually every component is curved in some special and very critical way. Imagine the intimately difficult drawing that you have don e so far in this course, then multiply the degree of difficulty by ten. Then repeat the drawing several(prenominal) thousand times. Starting to get the picture yet 12Aeronautical engineering List some systems and products that exist to reduce the difficulty and complexity of designing modern jet aircraft. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? One of the to the highest degree significant is computerised design and calculation software. Others include off the shelf systems for navigation, communication and cockpit management. The bad give-and-takeAll aeronautical engineers have to learn and understand how to do these difficult calculations. They have to use their brain, some math and a calculator. Aspiring aeronau tical engineers shortly encounter the complexities of computational analysis (difficult mathematics). They will see a lot more calculation before their aeronautical engineering course finally ends. The good news There are software tools available to assist the engineer in the design process. To use these software tools effectively and properly the engineer must first understand the underlying mathematics and theory on which these programs are based.That is, you must be able to understand and do the mathematics before using the program. You will now examine four common categories of aircraft design software structural analysis software mold software aerodynamic calculation software CAD software. Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 13 Arial Arial bold Structural analysis software The structural analysis of an aircraft is a complex problem. There are not many genuine lines involved, virtually every component is curved, even the ones that look straight are usually curved. The loading is not uniform, it varies from point to point.In other words, the loads and stresses will vary in boundedly across the components being analysed. An in impermanent number of equations could take rather some time. The solution is really rather straight-forward. If an engineer intends to examine the forces, stresses and moments in an aircraft wing, the wing can be mathematically depleted up into a large number of sections referred to as fragments. The conditions in each instalment are then examined. The results from each element are combined together to produce a distribution of forces, stresses and moments across the wing. The number of elements considered in this procedure is finite.There is an upper limit to the number of elements to be analysed. This mathematical process is called finite element analysis. The effort abbreviates this to FEA. Finite element analysis is a very powerful tool but is very slow when done by hand. A very popular finit e element software (FEA) case in the aircraft industry is called NASTRAN. This parcel falls into the crime syndicate of a computer aided engineering software (CAE) tool. NASTRAN is a high end software tool for critical engineering applications. It is capable of stress, vibration, heat transfer, acoustic and aeroelastic analysis. If you have access to the Internet visit .Select the appropriate option from the software section of the directory to aline out more about NASTRAN (accessed 06. 11. 01). pattern software The production and testing of physical working models is a costly and time consuming activity. An activity that is closely related to finite element analysis is finite element stamp. In the aeronautical engineering industry finite element fashion model is abbreviated to FEM. Using finite element mould software, an engineer can construct models using computer aided design (CAD) parts, submit the models for simulation and key the behavior of the model under simulation .The results can be used to modify and break the product designs to yield better exploit and to better resist loads. A high end finite element modeling program that is normally used in the aeronautical engineering industry is PATRAN. This product is 14 Aeronautical engineering produced by MSC, the same company that produces the analysis tract NASTRAN. Figure 1. 3 was produced by the rapscallion Aircraft order Pty Ltd using the finite element modeling package PATRAN. This company is associated with the University of NSW and is before long developing a light aircraft that it hopes to put into full commercial production.You can escort out more about PATRAN at . Figure 1. 3 A PATRAN generated image of an aircraft under development Reproduced with the permission of the summon Aircraft Company Pty Ltd Aerodynamic calculation and modeling software Aerodynamics is concerned primarily with the flow of air and the interaction of that air with objects that it encounters. Aeronautical engineers are usually concerned with the interaction of an aircrafts outer surfaces with the air through which the aircraft moves. CFD calculations can help to predict the lift and drag levels for a particular airframe as well as stall and other performance characteristics.Air is considered to be a fluid and the mathematical processes involved in predicting the behaviour of the air is called computational fluid Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 15 Arial Arial bold dynamics or CFD for short. The mathematics involved is complex but again there is software available which can carry out these calculations. Outline a practical way in which an aeronautical engineer could visualize the flow of air around an aircraft without using software. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ________ Did you answer? The flow of air around an aircraft can be observed using a wind tunnel where wind is pushed over a model with smoke streams passing over it. An industry standard software package commonly used by aeronautical engineers is VSAERO. This package allows an engineer to input the surface geometry of an aircraft. The surface geometry is simply the outside shape of the aircraft.The engineer can also input reference conditions such as f number of the air, angle of attack of the wing and yaw. The package will then calculate and vaunt the predicted behaviour of the air around the aircraft. If you have access to the Internet visit . at a lower place products there is a graphic video display an image of the C-130, the Hercules transport aircraft used by the Australian military at present. take a close look at what is happening to the wingtips (accessed 30. 10. 01). If you have access to the Internet visit to view a hit of a real C-130 activating anti missile flares (accessed 30. 10. 1). Computer aided design The last type of software package that you need to learn about are the computer aided design (CAD) drawing packages. Youre probably familiar with one of the CAD packages available for use on personal computers. These include Autocad Light, Autosketch and TurboCAD. These packages vary in power and are fine for standard drawing applications such as computer architecture and medium photographic plate manufacturing. The aeronautics industry uses specialist CAD packages which fit the industrys need to produce drawings of complex surface shapes and 16 Aeronautical engineering curved components.They also use state of the art, multiple processor workstations with large class monitors for speed and ease of viewing. The large monitors reduce eye-strain and allow more of each drawing to be displayed. CAD software packages soon used by many aeronautical engineering companies include CATIA and CADDS 5. The CATIA package is promoted as CAD/CAM/CAE p ackage. CATIA can be used solely for drawing and designing. However, it can also be used for CAM (computer aided manufacturing) and CAE applications. If you have Internet access visit to make out more about CATIA (accessed 30. 10. 1). Figure 1. 4 Image produced by the scalawag Aircraft Company Pty Ltd using CATIA software. The aircraft shown is currently under development Reproduced with the permission of the Page Aircraft Company Pty Ltd Wind tunnels To this point all the development tools have been based on computer software. In the aerodynamic calculation and modeling section you were asked to suggest a method of assessing the aerodynamic behaviour of an aircraft without using computers. Many successful aircraft have been developed without the aid of modern computers. In fact the computer models are not perfect.The information provided by computer analysis is usually reasonable but does not exactly predict the behaviour of a real aircraft. Part 1 Aeronautical engineering sco pe and engineering report 17 Arial Arial bold Why do you think this is so? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Did you answer? Computer output is based on computational methods that have been programmed into the computer.These computational methods are based on theoretical analyses of conditions. Variables are input to reflect real situations and conditions as much as possible but can never predict the precise conditions that exist. Input into a computer is based on precise or perfect data, the behaviour of materials, fluids and the like is not necessarily perfect. The output from a computer program is based purely on the input. Another method of assessing an aircraft design is to construct a very accurate scale model then subject the model to wind tunnel testing.Wind tunnel testing doe s not exactly predict the behaviour of a real, fullsize aircraft flying in clear(p) air. However, when scale effect corrections are applied valid data can be obtained. Model boats on ponds do not behave like real ships, the forces and accelerations are all out of proportion. They cringe around like corks. Similarly model aircraft in wind tunnels do not behave like real aircraft. There are several reasons for this. It is difficult to make accurate models. The sides of the wind tunnel hold back the air-flow. Most seriously, the model is flown in full size air not model size air.This is known as the scale effect. Larger size models in larger size wind tunnels give the most meaningful data. The most sophisticated wind tunnels actually compress the air at up to 25 atmospheres to correct for scale effect. Most aircraft design is based on both CFD and wind tunnel analysis. This is because incomplete system gives perfect results. The following photograph shows a model under test in a w ind tunnel at the University of NSW. 18 Aeronautical engineering Figure 1. 5 A model aircraft being tested in a wind tunnel Reproduced with the permission of the Page Aircraft Company Pty LtdManufacturing technologies and systems unique to the aeronautics industry Aeronautical engineers also deal with materials and manufacturing processes that are highly specialized in their nature and could be considered unique. The materials used for aircraft manufacture need to possess very special manufacturing and service properties. List five properties which you believe are important for materials used in aircraft manufacture and construction. Give your reasons for each choice. Property designer why it is important Part 1 Aeronautical engineering scope and engineering report 19 Arial Arial bold Did you answer?Property Reason why it is important Low fatigue aircraft vibration can cause fatigue failures High strength to weight lower the overall weight Corrosion resistance resist harsh operat ing conditions Ductility (before forming) Provide for forming of complex shapes Elasticity allow the aircraft to flex Later, in the materials section of this module you will investigate the materials commonly used in the aircraft manufacturing industry. This section is more concerned with the technologies used when relations with these materials. Advanced composite materials Two commonly used materials are aluminium and carbon fibre