The importance of Strategic Planning in Companies - Free Essay Example

For success in any growing business organisation, it is necessary to know where the firm is going and have a realistic vision for the future. Strategic planning gives the organization to have a road map and a direction to evolve over time in response to changing circumstances. It can be goal-based, scenario based, issue based or organic-based. The most common planning method used in most organisations is the goal-based strategic planning which revolves around the overall goal of the firm. The issues concerned with the strategic decision and planning are The overall scope of the organisation- which defines the purpose, vision and mission of the company. Positioning the organisation How to gain advantage over the competitors. Configuration of resources and competences. Values of stakeholders. Every successful organisation has a strategic plan that enables them to be on a winning streak. For example, the German automobile giant BMW had its unique strategy unveiled in the year 2007 which focussed on capital-efficiency targets, growth targets, expanding natural hedging, aggressive financial targets, increasing production and the possible establishment of a fourth brand. The notable thing perhaps is that the plan is till the year 2020 where it looks forward to reach its sales target of 1.8 million cars and S UVs by 2012 and more than 2 million by 2020. (www.autoobserver.com, Mitchelle Kerbs.) Such strategic planning helps the organisation to focus on their targets and channelling towards the plan. However developing strategic plan depends on the culture, leadership, complexity and scope of the organisation and differs widely based upon the market in which they want to compete and activities they are associated with. STRATEGY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS: There are three levels at which the strategic planning is made. Corporate level- It is the top level strategic planning which is done by the top management. The overall scope of the organisation remains the main concern here. The company should identify the type of business it should involve and the market which they compete. This level is most suitable for large companies with wide geographical locations and rich in product diversity. Decision making, at any point, heavily relies on the corporate level strategic planning. Taking the case of BMW, it found out that the market was strong in United Stated of America and hence decided to launch a plant at Spartanburg, South Carolina, which was a bold move. It was the first manufacturing plant outside Germany and it turned out to be one of the major success factors for the organization because today most of the BMW cars manufactured run on American soil. Such kind of decisions is taken by the top level management which falls under co rporate level planning. Business level- It focuses mainly on the products at different markets. Since an organisation can have diverse products, the strategy has to be planned in a proper manner which would create ideas to gain advantage over the rivals. Organisational level- It is concerned with the component part of an organisation. In order to achieve the overall task and travel by the strategic plan, it is necessary that the output is good at the operational level. STAKEHOLDERS: Anyone who is interested in an organisation becomes its stakeholders. It includes customers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, financiers and the government. Customers: Customers are the backbone of any industry and it is important for an organisation to see if they keep their customers happy and satisfied. Suppliers: Suppliers are those who give the manufacturers the basic raw materials needed to manufacture the products. Most of time suppliers are the main reason for the success of an organisation in the market. Intermediaries: Intermediaries are those who come between producers and the consumers. In most cases the consumer may not get the products directly from the producers. Competitors: They are an organisations rivals in the market. The company needs to monitor their competitors and their actions in order to keep pace with the competition that they provide. Government: The government of the nation in which the organisation operate might come up with laws and policies and thereby affection the business of the organisation. Financiers: They are the companys shareholders and it is always important for the organisation to keep them satisfied because they provide the money for the firm to operate. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS: Strategic analysis is nothing but knowing what is happening outside the company and understanding how it is going to affect your organisation. It is important to think of how the organisation is going to face the future. Various strategic analysis tools are PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, Scenario planning, the five forces and etc. PESTEL ANALYSIS: PESTEL analysis is one of the most popular tool which stands for Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal environment. Any business running actively is affected by all these factors. Let us see what these factors are and how they play their part in strategic planning. Political: Political arena is one of the major factors affecting the business of the organisation. Any business in the UK is affected by three types of government- local government such as Borough and County councils, Central government (the UK government) and the European government. Issues that are concerned with the political environment are How stable is the government? A stable government is the best suitable for any business organisation to grow. Most of the developed countries have a stable government which makes the business to grow economically. What is the type of government? Is it dictatorship, monarchy, democratic etc. Are the policies of government on marketing eth ics, employment laws and economy advantageous for the organisation? How are the trading agreements of government such as EU, ASEAN going to affect your business? Political factors affecting other factors: All the other factors are interlinked with the political environment in some way or the other. Any decisions taken by the government such as changes in the monetary and fiscal policy might affect the economy of the nation. Any newly introduced policy such as free medical and education funding for children would encourage people to have babies and an organisation which manufactures baby products will get benefited from such series of actions. Restrictions on excessive fuel emissions might force factories to adopt new technologies to mitigate it. For example, when the US came up with new policy about fuel efficiency requirement of cars in 2008, the Canadian carmakers who had a good market in America, struggled to restructure the engines of their motor vehicles. Microsoft Corp. in 2005 had to exports a different version of windows to Europe (windows which is stripped of mediaplayer) because it had issues with the European Union regulatory methods (Toronto Star, Jan2005). Hence the political environment plays a vital role in challenging the growth and existence of an organisation. Economical: Economical factors deals with the issues of tax, inflation rate, exchange rate, rises in living standards and the overall economic growth of the nation. When expanding a business, in a foreign nation especially, the organisation should analyse the trends and events in those environments to predict their business in future. Any change in the economy of the nation may cause drastic effects on the business. Taking the times of recession, let us see how it affects the business of an organisation. Ian Worthington et al (2003) noted that at the time of recession, the demand for the products decline rapidly. This would cause unemployment followed by fall in the economy of the nation. This would reduce the orders, workforce and then the output. Taxes are an important concept in economical environment. Government usually increase tax charges to increase the economy of the nation. One might question how it is going to affect the business of an organisation. If the income tax is increased, people receive less money in their pocket and that would affect their spending habits. By increasing the value added tax, people would have enough money in their pockets but the products are going to be too expensive for them to afford. So there would be less demand of products. Organisations usually adopt techniques like cost cutting to adapt to the economical changes in the nation. For example, increase in living standards lead to more people travel by car and there was considerable change in train usage by Londoners, especially by the commuters. Hence The Transport for London had to face this challenge in order to improve their business. This led to the technological improvement of the rail services and expanding it widely to attract commuters to use it. Socio cultural and demographic: People living in different places have different tastes and lifestyle. It i s important for an organisation to understand the social changes that occur in the environment in order to make sure their products meet the needs of the people. The tastes, requirements, lifestyle, income are some of the socio-cultural factors that might act as threats or opportunities for an organisation. (Thompson R, 2002). For example, peoples increasing concern for healthier lifestyle may provide an opportunity for gyms and health clubs whereas the same might be a threat for butchery shops. The organisations must deal with such challenges in a suitable manner by adapting to the local peoples culture and desires. Adrian Palmer and Bob Hartley (2009) say an individual learns norms of behaviour from a number of sources The dominant cultural values of the society in which they live. The social class to which they belong. Important reference groups, in particular the family. Technological: There has been considerable change in the technology in the last decade. The introduction of information technology and outsourcing has revolutionised the development of many organisations. Tele-marketing which would have been a joke decades ago is one of the popular techniques used in the marketing organisations. Advances in information technology are creating new products and marking old products more profitable to produce through things like computer-aided design (CAD). The effects they are having on the different functions carried out by businesses are- administration, communication, production, storage and distribution, electronic funds transfer at point of sale, the internet. (Worthington, I and Brighton, C. 2006) The organisations should watch out for the new technologies to manufacture their products well advanced when compared to their competitors. For example, BMW looks forward to adapt new car techniques and technology to face fuel emission problems. The German group has developed a fuel-saving technology that should make its cars 20 per ce nt more fuel efficient than those made by its competitors. It is also involved in hydrogen technology and has launched a hybrid petrol and electric car on November, 2009 (https://www.bmwblog.com/2007/11/09/bmw-to-create-eco-friendly-fourth-brand/comment-page-1/, BMW to create eco-friendly fourth brand). PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL: Porters (1985) model helps managers identify the factors that affect the intensity of competition within a particular industry. The model illustrates the relationship between different players and potential players in the industry. (Palmer A, Hartley B, 2002). The five forces are threat of entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threat of substitutes and the intensity of rivalry. Threat of entrants: When the barriers to the entry are weak, it will attract new entrants much easier. When it becomes hard for outsider because of the economical conditions, barrier for entering into the market exists (Porter, 1980b; Sanderson, 1998). A new entrant may be a totally new organisation or a firm that already exists but in a different geographical location. The competition will be higher when there are many entrants in the market and it could change some of the major determinants such as market price and customer loyalty. If the new entrant has got a good brand loyalty for customers, it is trouble for the existing organisations. Source: www.themanager.org/models/p5f.htm/ For example, companies like Sony Corporation has so much brand loyalty to the customers that any kind of market they enter with an idea of launching new products would attract customers. Alternatively, new entrants may be from a different industry altogether. Yamaha Corporation, a Japanese musical instruments maker started making automobiles challenging the other dominant automobile makers in the Asian market. Power of suppliers: When the suppliers are less, the demand for raw materials become more and the suppliers tend to have more power. Recklies (2001) noted that the bargaining power of suppliers will be high when it becomes expensive to switch between the suppliers, when the market is dominated by few large suppliers than a fragmented source of supply, the suppliers customer is fragmented, there are not substitutes for that particular input and the buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplier industry. In such situations, the buying industry often faces a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can potentially reduce strategic options for the organization. Power of buyers: When the demand is less and supply is more the buyers tend to have more power. This creates pressure on the organisations that will have to provide competitive market prices to sell the products. If the products has substitutes and can be easily replaced the power of buyers will be more. The other reasons are when the products can be manufactured by the customers themselves or when the size of the customers is very less. The grocery stores in the UK like TESCO and Sainsburys faces the challenge of buyer power since there are very few and large such stores in the market. Threat of substitutes: The traditional products in the market are under threat when there are more advanced products to replace them. For example, compu ters are the substitutes for typewriters which will get more attention since it is advanced. Substitutes may also rise when the price of the substitutes are cheaper and comes with a better quality. When the internet boomed, mail boxes and fax machines were replaced with a computer and a printer which could do the job much easier. The organisations will have to face the challenge that substitutes bring along and should either modify their products to suit the growing needs of the customers or adapt to the new technology. Intensity of rivalry: Competition arises when the rival companies offer the same product as the others in a cheaper price and better quality. Competition may also occur when there are more entrants. However rival organisations should not be confused with substitutes. Substitutes do not focus on the same products and consumer groups. For example, an emerging shopping mall will be a rival to an existing strong shopping mall but online retailing organisations such as amazon.com are the substitutes, where it becomes easy for people since it provides various shopping options at one touch. Johnson et al (2006) say that the factors directly affecting the degree of competitive rivalry is a sector are- competitor balance, industry growth rate, high fixed costs, high exit barriers, low differentiation. STRATEGIC CHOICE AND IMPLEMENTATION: A strategy which is chosen has to be able to face all the challenges faced by the organisation due to the factors described in detail. Strategies are at different levels and the decisions have to be made at all these levels when it comes to choosing the right strategy. Johnson et al (2006) postulates that the executives at these levels will be facing situations where they have to pick from the options which not only meets the requirements of the customers but also satisfies the organisations stakeholders. For example, managers at a commercial bank should go for a strategy that not only ensures they meet the needs of the clients but the one that also meets expectations of the organisations stakeholders. The strategy at corporate level should be drafted in such a way that it adds value to the various business units operating in the organisation. This applies not only to the large multinational companies but also to the smaller level business. Consider an investment company which d eals with various sectors such as banking, mortgage and hedge funds. There are various sections the firm will have to deal with and the way each segment in the organisation function in order to achieve overall success is different from each other. The existence of harmony between these different segments results in a synergy. Synergy is produced when these different processes in the organisation are in support of each other and their combined effect becomes larger than their outcomes when operated separately. The corporate level strategy should make sure this synergy is attained. Implementation of strategy should be done in a proper way to ensure the plan is followed in the way it is intended to be. All the employees in the organisation and the middle management have to take part seriously in order to render the plan into action. CONCLUSION: Thus it is discussed how an organisation is affected by the external and internal factors and how the strategic plan becomes advantageous when it meets the expectations of stakeholders. The strategy is successfully analysed using Porters five forces model and PESTEL model and the ways to face the challenges provided by the changing environment are discussed. Finally, it is apparent from the research that when the strategy is analysed, formulated, chosen and implemented productively, the success of the organisation is certain.

Credit Cards And Credit Card Debt - 884 Words

In today’s world most people have a credit card by the time they turn eighteen years old. Nerd Walt, a financial website, stated â€Å"Average credit card debt in 2013 reached $15,480 per household in the United States†. (Bower) The average household credit card debt has probably increase since the 2013 study. â€Å"Overall U.S. National debt is rapidly approaching $18 trillion† (Bower). â€Å"20% of credit card users often pay off monthly balances on two or more credit cards† according to a study (Bower). In today’s society it is normal to swipe a credit card to buy your children Christmas, because credit card companies now offer rewards where an individual receives money back or maybe even a discount flight. People used to not want to buy their children’s Christmas on credit, but rather work a little harder and save up the money to buy it. Children now days see their parents buying them stuff on credit card, so when they become teenagers th ey expect to receive everything they want even if their parents cannot afford it. When the child becomes a teenager, and they are finally old enough to get a credit card they take advantage of the credit card. Young adults should learn to spend their money wisely and efficiently at that age. Most young adults my age have a credit card and take advantage of it. I have been eighteen now for a year, and I have been attending college for six months now, and I still don’t have a credit card. When I want to go buy a new outfit or a new electric item, IShow MoreRelatedDebt and Credit Card Debts1138 Words   |  5 Pagesmonthly credit payments for VISA and MasterCard are $65 and $60, respectively. Her monthly payment on an automobile loan is $375. What is Louise’s debt payments-to-income ratio? Is Louise living within her means? (LO 5.3) Louise’s Gross Income = $3,000 Less: Income taxes = -700 Less: Social Security Tax = -250 Less: IRA contribution = -100 Net take-home pay = $1,950 Her monthly payments on VISA, MasterCard, and a car loan add up to $500 per month. Louise’s debt paymentsRead MoreCredit Card Debt Essay643 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: ANALYSIS OF CREDIT CARD DEBT Analysis of Credit Card Debt George Kennedy Argosy University online General Education Mathematics MAT109 A01 Instructor: Sohrab Bakhtyari January 25, 2013 Analysis of Credit Card Debt 1. My Introduction with a credit card balance of $5,270.00 and an (APR) of 15.53 percent based upon my own conclusions and assuming there are no other fees are applied. In my report I took my balance of $5,270 x 15.53%= $818.431. The Maximum monthly paymentRead MoreAnalysis of Credit Card Debt1116 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of credit card debt By: Corrine Owens M3A2 9/15/15 Analysis of credit card debt pg.1 Based upon a balance of 5,270.00 on an APR of 15.53% the calculation is as follows per US BANK:Read MoreCredit Card Debt in America1682 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Debt Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems, and it has been for around the last 3-4 decades. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s up to today, the standards for getting a credit card were very high; so not everybody could get one. The bar got lowered and lowered to where, eventually, an 18 year-old college student with almost no income and nothing to base a credit score on previously could obtain a credit card (much likeRead More Credit Card Debt In America Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s, the standards for getting a credit card were very high. The bar got lowered and lowered to where, eventually, an 18 year-old college student with almost no income and nothing to base a credit score on previously could obtain a credit card (much like myself). The national c redit card debt for families residing in the United States alone is in the trillionsRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Credit Card Debt1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Analysis of Credit Card Debt Jeanette Macintyre Argosy University MAT 108 Analysis of Credit Card Debt Credit card debt is a reality for many in today’s world. Suppose that you had a $5,270.00 balance on a credit card with an annual percentage rate (APR) of 15.53 percent. Consider the following questions and prepare a report based upon your conclusions.   1. Most credit cards require that you pay a minimum monthly payment of two percent of the balance. Based upon a balanceRead MoreCredit Card Debt Nation : Notes2081 Words   |  9 PagesCredit Card Debt Nation One day you get up and do your normal routine. You let the dog out to do his business, you brush your teeth, brush your hair and get dressed. You let the dog in and walk into your kitchen. You feed the dog then make yourself something for breakfast. The dog lays on the couch without eating. Not thinking anything of it, you watch TV and throw a load of laundry in the washer. Noon comes around and still the dog is just lying there, sleeping. You check the bowl of food and noticeRead MoreHow to Avoid Credit Card Debt Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesHow to avoid credit card Debt Credit card debt is a big problem in the United States today. The lending creditors are taking advantage of consumers, which pile up charges on their credit cards, to the point they are unable to pay of f the card at the end of the month. Consumers end up relying on the credit that is provided by the card issuer. It becomes a ‘means to an end’ and the worst kind of debt consumers can accumulate A Good way to cut down on credit card debt is, not to chargeRead MoreCredit Card Debt Among College Students Essay2362 Words   |  10 PagesThe explosion of credit card use among college students has woven itself into the fabric of campus life ultimately impacting how students interact and begin in the financial industry. As students gain more freedom away from home they often begin to experience various social changes. One area in particular that is cause for concern is the number of students incurring credit card debt. Due to growth in credit card usage and the rise of debt, the ideas discussed in this paper represent the growing needRead MorePersonal Note On Credit Card Debt726 Words   |  3 PagesUsing your credit card as you financial lifeline puts you at compromising positions when you run into debt. Your credit card debt could get so high such that your minimum payments a re unable to actually pay down anything. To ease your money troubles, you could take some steps to get relief from your credit card debt. All you need is the right help and advice to put together a plan that will enable you get your finances back on track and out of debt. For starters, if you are able to meet your payment

Rational Choice Theory For Juvenile Delinquency - 1774 Words

Rational Choice Theory The Rational Choice Theory, as more commonly referred to as Choice Theory, is a view as to why criminals commit crimes, and more importantly why juveniles choose to be delinquent. The problem of juvenile delinquency in keeping with this viewpoint, makes juvenile delinquency an individual problem and not a social problem. The Rational Choice theory will be detailed throughout this paper as well as the theory’s established ways in which the theorists believe juvenile delinquency can be prevented. The validity of the Rational Choice Theory will also briefly be discussed. What is Rational Choice Theory? Rational choice theory is based on free will. Choice Theory is basically the individual making â€Å"rational†¦show more content†¦Cesare Beccaria published the well-known book On Crimes and Punishments in 1764. Beccaria’s thoughts are commonly referred to as the classical theory. (Shoemaker, 2009, p. 64-65) The work in On Crimes and Punishments inspired multitudes of criminal philosophers two in particular; Locke and Hume. These two believed that, â€Å"human nature was predicated upon the search for pleasure and the avoidance of pain, and that human action was consequently organized around calculative strategies aimed at utility maximization.†(Hayward, 2007, p. 233) This thought justification is how those who believe in the Rational Choice Theory get further away from the social issues that may affect the commission of crimes and try to keep it focused on the individual desires of pleasure and avoidance of pain. This thou ght process may also be in part to the societal want of the juvenile delinquent’s behavior to be solely their fault based on an economic standpoint because if it is individual fault society does not need to fund programs to fix it. As stated in the book The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending, â€Å"†¦ a rational choice perspective on criminal behavior- was intended to locate criminological findings within a framework particularly suitable for thinking about policy relevant research.† (Cornish Clarke, 2014, p. 1) That is to say that yes, many philosophers may truly believe in Choice Theory but some were probably motivated more by economicShow MoreRelatedRational Choice Theory And Juvenile Delinquency2372 Words   |  10 Pages In my opinion on a theory that out of all the theories we have learned, the rational choice theory is a good theory to juvenile delinquency. â€Å"Rational choice theory and its assumptions about human behavior have been integrated into several criminological theories and criminal justice interventions. Rational choice theory originated during the late 18th century with the work of Cesare Beccaria. Since then, the theory has been expanded upon and extended to include other perspectives, such as deterrenceRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Delinquency1652 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Everyday we read in the newspaper or watch T.V and hear news of crimes committed by Juveniles. With all of the crime being reported by the media about juveniles, one can’t help but wonder if all of our nation’s youth are juvenile delinquents. Although there are many cases where the juvenile did not commit a serious crime, there are others where the crime is so bad the juvenile court system tries the juvenile as an adult. Instead of seeking help for the individual, our justiceRead MoreTheories of Juvenile Delinquency703 Words   |  3 PagesTheories of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile delinquency is a threat to society and accordingly, the need to develop an understanding of the deviant behavior is of an utmost importance. There are several theories that explain delinquency and collectively, they provide a greater understanding for administrators and policy makers that are essential in developing programs and treatments that reduce juvenile delinquency and minimize its impact on our societies. This paper will discuss two prominent theoriesRead MoreCriminological Theories Of Juvenile Violence845 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades include juvenile violence. Juveniles can commit violence for an infinite amount of reasons like parental abuse, being bullied in school or peers, mental illness, and other outside factors. Juvenile are in a period in their lives where countless aspects can influence the way they think, act, and even speak. Criminological theories have been created and tested to factor why juveniles partake in crime and why do they tend to be influence d to continuously break the law. Theories like micro, macroRead MoreThe Theory Of Routine Activity Theory870 Words   |  4 PagesChoice theory (routine activity) or trait theories (bio social and psychological), which is responsible for more criminal activity? In order to determine which one causes more criminal activity, they each must be defined. Choice Theory (routine activity) Rational choice theory commonly known as choice theory is based off of beliefs from classic criminology, which believe that individuals freely choose their behavior and are motivated by the pursuit of gratification and the attempt to avoid painRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime Causation Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages Theories of Crime Causation Dolores Jackson Williams Colorado Technical University Juvenile offender 1. Biological theory states that the individual will have certain traits will be transmitted from parent to children through genetics and not from social learning. Along with the juvenile having similar facial characteristics, which some believe also predisposes them to criminal behavior (Palmerin, 2012). 2. Rational choice theory states that the person will make sensible and reasonableRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Theories Stem From An Array Of Individual,829 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Delinquency theories stem from an array of individual, social and environmental conditions, in so labeling certain causes as to why juveniles commit criminal acts. Juveniles are identified as minors-under the age of 18, in which are treated separately for criminal offenses. In the film Kids, delinquent behavior is constantly demonstrated throughout the progression of the film. The film depicts a group of sexually active teenagers in New York City. Many of the characters exhibited at-riskRead MoreThe Legal System Of School1438 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the seventeenth and eighteenth century, multiple developments that occurred in England aided in the advancements and recognition of children’s rights. Over time, these advancements affected the juvenile legal system as it emerged in Americ a. These changes include changes in family style and child care, the English Poor Laws, the apprenticeship movement, and the role of the chancery court. (Siegel and Welsh) Changes in family structure made a huge difference with children’s rights. MarriageRead More Rational Choice Theory Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three main points that are reinforced in rational choice theory (Cornish and Clarke, 1986). First, it may work better or worse for different types of crime, yet it is thought that there are rational choices in every type of crime even impulsive and pathologic crimes. Second, the theory should be applied on a crime-specific basis. Hence, burglaries can’t be grouped together in among residential and commercial categories. Rather, they must be broken into smaller facets such as publicRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is An Example Of Deviant Behavior1974 Words   |  8 Pagesagainst the social norms of a society. Most of the time Juvenile behaviors are recognized as deviant because the general population does not accept it. Juvenile delinquency is an example of deviant behavior. The reason being is because people in society does not accept or thinks that their behaviors are not normal. Social conditions in the United States such immigration and dramatic increase in urbanization is the direct result of hundred juveniles being involved in criminal activities. In recent years

The Role Of Religion On Roman Society - 3350 Words

â€Å"Multa ferunt anni venientes commode secum, Multa recendentes adimiunt† – â€Å"The years as they come bring many agreeable things with them; as they go, they take many away† – Horace (65BC – 8BC) Abstract This essay investigates the role of religion and the importance of Roman society and politics. It will show the origin of Roman Religion, such as the pantheon, origin myths and the effect of foreign influence on Rome. This paper will also go into immense study of how religion affected Roman society through the likes of cult worship and domestic religion. It will also show the importance of politics on Roman religion, such as, the Imperial Cult, Vestal Virgins but more or less will also expose the persecution of Christians that were in opposition to Roman paganism. Word Count: 3 320 Table of Contents List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ V List of Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. VI Abbreviations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ VI 1. Introduction – The Origin of Roman Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.1 The Foundation Myths of Rome: Romulus vs. Aeneas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1.2 Etruscan Influences on Roman Religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 1.3 Roman Mysticism Pantheon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. 4 2. The Signification of Religion in Roman Society†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 2.1 Domestic Religion................................................................ 7 2.2 Cult Worship in Roman Society: Prayer, Sacrifice Show MoreRelatedWomen And Roman Religion And Its Impact On Society Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe female role in Greek and Roman religion and its impact on society Throughout the ancient world, the aspects to which a successful society thrive under have been skewed, except for that of religion. Although a universal religion has never been adopted, most empires tend to follow a basic outline similar to one another. In relation to Greeks and Romans, this ideology still holds true. Religion between these two societies have had their differences, but for the most part they have kept the sameRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1503 Words   |  7 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In scrutinizing the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreGender Roles Of Civic Duties And Raising Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Vibia Perpetua’s life, Roman society expected her to follow structured gender roles of civic duties and raising children in her community because she was female. Perpetua defied the expectations placed upon her since birth by converting to Christianity and used the freedom of the Christian religion to show her independence and create her own role as a woman. This essay will analyze Perpetua s defiance of the gender expe ctations of civic hood and motherhood of the Roman community, and how the ChristianRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1498 Words   |  6 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. 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Before considering the role that Augustus played in the religion of Rome, we must first look to the situation that led to Augustus reviving religion and the traditional ways. The last hundredRead MoreWhat If Paul Had Never Converted From Christianity?854 Words   |  4 PagesWhat If Paul Had Never Converted to Christianity? If Paul had never converted to Christianity things would be very different. Paul played a pivotal role in spreading Christianity. Without Paul s influence the Roman Empire might still believe in Roman Mythology. Paul heavily influenced Christianity through traveling and teaching. Without Paul s existence things would be very different. Paul s original name was Saul. Saul started out hating and persecuting Christians. Saul had a big conversionRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of Perpetua And Lucretia1187 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Contrast of Perpetua and Lucretia By comparing the following primary sources, â€Å"The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas† and â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia,† historians can learn about the archetypes of Roman society. The former text, written in 202 or 203 CE, is a prison diary of a young martyr in Carthage. The protagonist, Perpetua, is arrested and sentenced to death because she refused to renounce her Christian faith. Despite having a newborn and hearing consistent outcry from her fatherRead MoreThe Role of the Roman Catholic Church During the Enlightenment1570 Words   |  7 Pagesconservative institution of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church, was forced into direct confrontation with these changing ideals. The Church continued to insist that it was the only source of truth and that all who lived beyond its bounds were damned; it was painfully apparent to any reasonably educated person, however, that the majority of the world’s population were not Christians.2 In the wake of witch hunts, i mperial conquest, and an intellectual revolution, the Roman Catholic Church found itself threatenedRead MorePerpetua s Defiance Of The Young Christian Martyr1328 Words   |  6 Pagesby the Roman society. Perpetua defied the expectations placed upon her since birth by converting to Christianity, yet she still showed ambivalence towards her role as a woman in the new community. This essay will analyze Perpetua s defiance of the gender expectations of both the Roman community and Christian church and the way Perpetua defined her own role as a woman in conflicting societies. In Perpetua’s time, the Roman culture had strict views on gender and the role of a woman in society. Early

Morality Is A Big Theme Throughout The Book Les Miserables

C project Legality versus morality was a big theme throughout the book Les Miserables. Two of the main main characters, Javert and Jean Valjean conflict on that issue many times. Jean Valjean is a man of his morals rather than the law, whereas Javert is strictly about the law, and nothing else. Both of these characters face many legal and moral issues throughout the book. Jean Valjean looks into his morals when he is faced with a dilemma. The first time that this becomes apparent is the beginning of the book, when we learn why he is in jail. Valjean was faced with jail time because his family was struggling and starving and he thought is was morally okay to steal bread for his family even though it was illegal. Valjean stealing the bread even though it was illegal, but because his family needs it his morals say that it is okay for him to do so, showing legality versus morality. Another thing that Valjean does that demonstrate this theme is that when Javert tells Valjean(when he is mayor and going under the name of Madeleine) that someone has been caught under his name. If he decides to do nothing he will then face no legal troubles any more, but because of his morals he decides the right thing to do is to go to the court where this trail is taking place, and say that he is the real Valjean. He think it is immoral to let this man suffer for his actions , so he decides to reveal himself. Javert is the opposite of Valjean, and relies heavily on the legality side. In theShow MoreRelatedEssay on American Musicals2785 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"conceptual musical†. He subordinated every aspect of the work to his personal vision. As a result increasing intellectualised musicals confronted audiences that had frequented the theatre as a means of escape. When a writer is responsible for the book and the lyrics - as, for example, Oscar Hammerstein and Alan Jay Lerner, were - that writer may be more able to regularly address the same concerns than a composer-lyricist can. Nonetheless, Sondheim has managed to create a body of work that is clearlyRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesnamed Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnet spread throughout Europe to England, where, after its initial Renaissance, â€Å"Petrarchan† incarnation faded, the form enjoyed a number of revivals and periods of renewed interest. In E lizabethan England—the era during which Shakespeare’s sonnets were written—the sonnet was the form of choice for lyric poets, particularly lyric poets seeking to engage with traditional themes of love and romance. (In addition to Shakespeare’s monumental sequenceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesWestern magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficino’s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 118). The Picatrix is mentioned by Johannes Trithemius in Book 2 of his notorious Steganographia (1500) and in his Antipalus Maleficiorum (c. 1500). One copy (British Library, Sloane manuscript 3679) passed down from Simon Forman (d. 1611) to Richard Napier (d. 1634) to Elias Ashmole (d. 1692) to William LillyRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Wor ds   |  518 Pageswork, a Dictionary of the Ibo language: English-Ibo (1923). This latter work was also largely the responsibility of Dennis, and it is listed under his name in bibliographies, although his name does not appear on the title-page. The preface to this book gives its history as follows: While the Union-Ibo Version of the Bible was being prepared, the Assistant-Translator, Mr T.D. Anyaegbunam, was asked to make a list of new words as they occurred. Many additions were made to the list by the late Archdeacon

Elements of Strategic Social Media Marketing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Elements of Strategic Social Media Marketing. Answer: Introduction Business environment includes both internal and external environment that influence the operation procedure in a business. However, client, customer, supplier, competitors, technology, government rules and regulation, role of social media and economic growth of the country are the major factors of business environment (Kew Stredwick, 2017). This study deals with the business environment in the context of Shangri-La Sydney, which is a luxury hotel in Sydney. For this organization, it is crucial to understand their business environment in order to run their business in a successful manner. Thus, it is important for this organization to gather knowledge about the components of the business environment. External environment analysis can be done by using Porter five forces model as it enables an organization to carry out a market research regarding their competitors (Wee, 2017). In the context of Shangri-La Sydney threat of new entrants is a big challenge as it may harm the existing business of such organization in Australia. However, new entrants affect the profitability of the existing firm. On the other hand, bargaining power of the consumer is another big barrier of a business as it allows the customers to put the firm under pressure by resisting their purchasing power. In the context of Shangri-La Sydney, they try to implement customer loyalty program to reduce the bargaining power of the customer (Shangri-la.com, 2017). Next, the bargaining power of the supplier that is the switching cost of the supplier may leave a negative impact on the business. Threat of the substitute often creates a barrier for an organization to compete in the global market (Kew Stredwick, 2017). In the context of Shangri-La belongs they focus on the customer loyalty to enhance their service. Similarly, Four Seasons Sydney, which is the major competitor of Shangri-La belongs also gives their concern towards the customer loyalty. This competitor offers a good leisure experience for the new generation and exceptional customer service. This ensures that the threat of substitutes is high for Shangri-La belongs. Industry rivalry is a big threat for an organization to survive in the competitive market. In the context of Shangri-La, the major two competitors are Four Seasons Sydney and Intercontinental Sydney. However, these are the major two luxury hotels in Sydney and offer high-quality service (Fourseasons.com, 2017). These three companies operate in the same industry with good positions. This may develop a big threat for Shangri-La Sydney. Porter generic competitive strategy is applied to analyze the current competition in the market. Cost leadership, differentiation, cost focus and differentiation focus are the major four components of this strategy (Kharub et al., 2017). Cost leadership enables a firm to become a low cost producer in the global market. However, Shangri-La Sydney can use this strategy to reduce their operation cost. This also enables them to reduce the supplier bargaining power, which is a major threat for their business. Focus strategy includes cost focus that will enable Shangri-La Sydney to seek cost advantages in their industry. On the other hand, differentiation focus highlights the differentiation of the target market. However, the differentiation strategy the organization tries to make them unique by product differentiation (Kew Stredwick, 2017). In the context of Shangri-La Sydney, their competitors like Four Seasons Sydney offers various services like spa and workout to the gussets beside the accommodation. This organization also focuses on the incorporation of the new features in their hotel design besides adopting variation in service. On the other hand, Shangri-La Sydney also offers the spa and treatment in the hotel premises; however, the variation in the hotel design of its competitors may develop a barrier for such organization. Thus, they need innovation in their hotel design to achieve competitive advantages. Analysis of the business environment based on public perspectives and discussion of the social media strategy Interest group, news media, social media and public beliefs are the major parts of the public opinion regarding a topic (Endo, 2017). However, the public belief focuses that Shangri-La Sydney offers an extensive service to the consumer in order to meet their demand. However, it is crucial for a hotel to develop a customer-centric business to meet the business goal and objectives. In the context of Shangri-La Sydney, they aim to develop a better service for the customers that highlight the positive aspect of their business. On the other hand, working culture of Shangri-La Sydney is good, as the employees have stated that they like to work in this hotel. Apart from this, operating the public bar in this hotel is quite difficult according to the labor union. For the in-house guest, the employees face difficulty to in operating the public bar in this hotel. An environmental group is categorized in the interest group. This hotel focuses on the environmental sustainability as they have est ablished 5 busy bee hives from which 14-kilogram honey is produced for the guest (Shangri-la.com, 2017). According to the environmental group of Sydney, Shangri-La Sydney is the first luxury hotel in Sydney that follows the urban bee keeping trend. On the other hand, this organization is popular in the social media as they give updated information for their service. Development of a channel through which the photos can be shared regarding the service will be a great social media strategy for the hospitality sectors (Xiang et al., 2017). In the context of Shangri-La Sydney, they can share photos regarding their hotels and destinations by using Instagram and Pinterest. However, both are mobile applications and will be effective for such organization to share the photos of their organization and service in the public domain. Maximum people spend their free time on social media. Thus, this strategy will be helpful for such organization to introduce their product and service on the customer domain belongs from different geographical regions. Other social media tool like, Facebook, Twitter, Youn Tube, Linkdin will be effective for Shangri-La Sydney to introduce their service information in a large population. However, social media reduces marketing cost, attract the customers and allows the organization to gain customer feedback regarding their servic e (Felix, Rauschnabel Hinsch, 2017). One of the major disadvantages of social media application in the context of Shangri-La Sydney is the decrease in the benefit if this organization does not have any clear marketing goal. Discussion of the challenges from entire environmental analysis and solution Based on the analysis of the social factors in the context of Shangri-La Sydney, it has been received that such five-star hotel, focuses on providing service, especially to the upper and middle-class guests. This resists the other customers to access the service, which also decrease the customer number in this organization. Hence, for this organization, it is important to give preference to their guests according to their social class and meet the diverse needs of different types of consumers. For a hospitality sector, it is crucial to identify, the different customer needs to increase the customer loyalty (dos Santos et al., 2017). There are financial, employment and legal issues in the Sydney market, which often creates problem for the luxury hotels to expand their market share in this segment. Hence, it also affects the market expansion of Shangri-La Sydney in Australia. Establishment of the partnership working will be effective for Shangri-La Sydney to reduce the financial issues in Sydney market. This strategy will enable such organization to invest more in their business and to enhance the employment rate in their organization. According to the Porter five forces analysis, the external environment of Shangri-La Sydney includes the threat of alternative products, which is driven by its competitors. However, Four Seasons Sydney is one of the biggest competitors of Shangri-La. This organization focuses on the establishment of the customer loyalty through offering unique service. On the other hand, Shangri-La also gives effort to meet the customer need. Hence, similar service offering by their competitors ensures the barrier to gain competitive advantages. Establishment of product differentiation is effective for a business to reduce the threat of substitutes (Richard Richard, 2017). In the context of Shangri-La product diversification will enable them to make their service unique in the Australian hospitality industry. On the other hand, it is important for Shangri-La to develop a competitive strategy by incorporating new feature in their business, which will reduce the threat of existing competitors. Develop ment of the customer-centric approach by using social media application will allow this organization to understand the current market trend in order to compete in the global market. Competitor Analysis Analysis: The current data as per table 1 shows that the customer focus is high in every hospitality sector in Sydney. It has been observed that weighting of Shangri-La Sydney is high in the context of customer focus. Thus, it can be said that their business is customer-centric. However, the competitors of Shangri-La Sydney also focus on the customer loyalty, which may cause a threat of alternative service in the context of Shangri-La Sydney. On the other hand, the weighting of the product price of Shangri-La Sydney and its competitors is low in comparison to the other success factors. However, the pricing strategy of Shangri-La Sydney and Intercontinental Sydney have similar weighting rate, which highlights that these two hospitality sectors follow premium pricing that may decrease the customer number. On the other hand, employee satisfaction rate is low in Shangri-La Sydney, while in Intercontinental Sydney employee satisfaction rate is high. Hence, this may generate the high turno ver in the context of Shangri-La Sydney. Product diversification rate is high at Four Seasons Sydney. While in the context of Shangri-La Sydney they only focus on the upper and middle-class customers. Thus, they need to diversify their service to meet the needs of various customers belong from different social classes. In order to achieve competitive advantages in the same market segments, Shangri-La Sydney should give their concern towards the employee satisfaction, pricing strategy, and product diversification. Based on this current competitors analysis, it has been said that the competition level is high in Sydney, thus Shangri-La Sydney needs to make their service unique in every aspect to gain competitive advantages. Conclusion The entire study reveals the external environment in the context of Shangri-La, which is a popular five-star hotel in Sydney. However, the major competitors of this organization are Four Seasons Sydney and Intercontinental Sydney, which are operating in the same market segments. These two competitors offer the similar service facility to the Australian consumers that highlight the major challenges for Shangri-La. However, there is a threat of substitutes, which may affect the profit margin of such organization. However, it is crucial for this hospitality sector to develop a customer-centric business to reduce the huge competition and make their service unique. Identification of the current demand of the customers can be done by using the social media marketing in the context of Shangri-La. References Dos Santos, R. A., Mxas, M. P., Meirio, M. J. (2017). Sustainability and hotel business: criteria for holistic, integrated and participative development.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, 217-224. Endo, K. (2017). What Is Public Opinion? In the Age of Comlexedly-Mediated Democracy and Scandal Politics. InReconstruction of the Public Sphere in the Socially Mediated Age(pp. 9-35). Springer, Singapore. Felix, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Hinsch, C. (2017). Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holistic framework.Journal of Business Research,70, 118-126. Fourseasons.com. (2017).Fourseasons Sydney. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.fourseasons.com/sydney/ Kew, J., Stredwick, J. (2017).Business environment: managing in a strategic context. Kogan Page Publishers. Kharub, M., Kharub, M., Sharma, R., Sharma, R. (2017). Comparative analyses of competitive advantage using Porter diamond model (the case of MSMEs in Himachal Pradesh).Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal,27(2), 132-160. Richard, B., Richard, B. (2017). Hotel chains: Survival strategies for a dynamic future.Journal of Tourism Futures,3(1), 56-65. Shangri-la.com. (2017).Shangri-La-Hotel-Sydney. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.shangri-la.com/sydney/shangrila/ Shangri-la.com. Shangri (2017).-La Hotel, Sydney Makes a Sweet Contribution to the Local Environment. Retrieved 16 November 2017, from https://www.shangri-la.com/sydney/shangrila/press-room/press-releases/shangri-la-hotel-sydney-makes-a-sweet-contribution-to-the-local-environment/ Wee, C. H. (2017). Think TankBeyond the Five Forces Model and Blue Ocean Strategy: An Integrative Perspective From Sun Zi Bingfa.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,36(2), 34-45. Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y., Fan, W. (2017). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism.Tourism Management,58, 51-65.

The Immune System of the Body-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe the Sequence of Immunological Events that Occur in a Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction during both the Primary Exposure to an ntigen (Sensitisation) and for Subsequent Exposures Resulting In Allergic Symptoms. Answer: The immune system of the body is the integral element of normal body functioning whose main function is to protect the body from diseases. However, the protective immune mechanisms might at times lead to detrimental reactions in the body. These reactions are known as hypersensitivity reactions which might be of various forms. Type I hypersensitivity is the allergic reaction that is triggered by reexposure to any antigen that is also to be known as an allergen. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction involves immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of histamine as well as other mediators from basophils and mast cells. This condition leads to undesirable and excessive reactions that are produced by the normal immune system (Delves et al. 2017). Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is called as immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. The reaction involves eyes, skin, nasopharynx, gastrointestinal tract, bronchopulmonary tissues. The mechanism of action is marked by the preferential production of IgE which is caused as a response to certain antigens, also referred to as allergens. When an individual gets exposed to such antigens, they preferentially produce an increased amount of TH2 cells. These cells in turn secrete IL4, IL5, and IL 13. This favour IgE class switch in turn. IgE has a high affinity for the receptors on mast cells and basophils. When the same person is exposed to the same allergen, there is a cross-linking of the cell bond IgE, triggering the rapid release of different substances that ar pharmacologically active. Mast cell triggering is mediated by the cross-linking of IgE Fc- receptor. Increased influx of Ca++ precedes degranulation of mast cells that acts as a crucial process. Degranulation is also promoted by ionophores responsible for increasing cytoplasmic Ca++. The agents released mainly include histamine, tryptase, kininogenase, prostaglandins, leukotriene and platelet activation factor (PAF). PAF is responsible for amplifying the reaction leading to platelet aggregation as well as the release of histamine and other agents. Neutrophil chemotactic factors and Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) attract neutrophils and eosinophils that in turn cause the release of different enzymes with hydrolytic properties. As a result, the cells suffer necrosis. Cyclic nucleotides play a crucial role in modulating the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The allergic reaction can be diagnosed with tests that measure total IgE in the body and particular IgE antibodies against the allergens (Abbas, Lichtman and Pillai 2014). Exposure to the different allergens might be ingested, injected, inhaled and coming to direct contact. As a result of the hypersensitivity reaction, there is inflammation at the particular site of since the blood flow to the tissues that are affected is considerably increased. The reactions that the body suffers might be either systemic or local. Symptoms suffered by the person might be mild, such as an irritation, or sudden death as a result of the anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is often characterised by an unexpected and rapid drop in the blood pressure and difficulties in breathing due to the exposure to the substances. Some common examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction include allergic asthma, anaphylaxis, allergic conjunctivitis, eosinophilia and angiooedema. Some frequent antigenic allergens are insect stings, foods, additives, pollens and animal dander (Khalili et al. 2016). References Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pillai, S., 2014.Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system. Elsevier Health Sciences. Delves, P.J., Martin, S.J., Burton, D.R. and Roitt, I.M., 2017.Essential immunology. John Wiley Sons. Khalili, A., Khayatzadeh, A., Ebrahimi, M., Rafiemanesh, H., Azizi, G. and Movahedi, M., 2016. Evaluation of Tolerance in Patients With Type-1 Hypersensitivity Reaction to Wheat After Oral Immunotherapy.Journal of investigational allergology clinical immunology,26(5), pp.339-340.